をもとに: Building on a Foundation – JLPT N2 Japanese Grammar

Japanese Grammar Template
Meaning & Usage

✨ Basic Meaning

“based on,” “drawing from,” “with… as a basis/foundation.” It signifies that something is created, developed, or decided using a particular source, data, or idea as its fundamental starting point.

🎯 Primary Function

To indicate the basis or source from which something originates or is constructed. It implies using the source material as a foundation for building, developing, or making a decision.

📋 Grammar Structure

Noun + をもとに (して) / をもとにする / をもとにした + Noun * **Noun + をもとに (Verb):** To do something based on Noun. * **Noun + をもとにした + Noun:** Noun (something) that was based on Noun (source).

🎭 Usage Contexts

🏢 Formal Situations

Very common in formal contexts such as academic papers, business reports, news articles, and official statements. It lends a professional and objective tone.

😊 Informal Situations

Less common in highly casual spoken language, but possible when explaining the direct source of a personal creation or decision (e.g., this drawing is based on a dream I had).

✍️ Written Language

Extremely common in written documents, reports, academic texts, and literary works, where clarity about the source of information or creation is crucial.

🗣️ Spoken Language

Used in more formal spoken contexts like presentations, business meetings, academic discussions, or when explaining the rationale behind a significant decision.

💡 Common Applications

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Example Sentences
この小説は、作者の幼少期の経験をもとに書かれています。
This novel is written based on the author’s childhood experiences.
お客様からのご意見をもとに、サービスを改善いたします。
We will improve our services based on feedback from our customers.
その計画は、過去の成功事例をもとに策定された。
That plan was formulated based on past successful cases.
Notes & Nuances

📌 Important Points

Implies a foundation for creation/development
「をもとに」 is used when something new is created, developed, or decided by drawing from an existing source. It suggests an active process of building upon or interpreting the source material, rather than just simple extraction.
Example: 古い資料をもとに、新しい仮説を立てた。(I formed a new hypothesis based on old documents.)
Particle を marks the source
The particle 「を」 directly precedes the noun that serves as the basis or foundation for the subsequent action or creation.
Example: 事実をもとに判断する。(To make a judgment based on facts.)

⚠️ Common Mistakes

❌ Confusing with から for source
✅ 古いデータをもとに、新しいシステムを開発した。
While 「から」 can indicate origin, 「をもとに」 specifically highlights that the source is used as a fundamental basis or foundation for a more complex process of creation, development, or decision-making. Using 「から」 might imply a simple derivation rather than a foundational use.
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🏛️ Cultural Context

Politeness Level: Generally neutral to formal. It is appropriate and widely used in professional, academic, and journalistic contexts, conveying objectivity and a reasoned approach.
Social Situations: Frequently encountered in news reports, business discussions, academic presentations, policy discussions, and legal documents where the source or foundation of information is important.
Regional Variations: There are no significant regional variations in the usage or meaning of 「をもとに」 across different parts of Japan.

🔍 Subtle Differences

をもとに vs. に基づいて (にもとづいて)
「をもとに」 implies using something as a creative foundation or starting point for development, often with an element of interpretation or new creation. 「に基づいて」 suggests strict adherence to rules, facts, principles, or established standards. It implies a direct derivation or compliance, often emphasizing reliability or legitimacy.
When to use: Use 「をもとに」 when something new is created, developed, or decided using a source as a basis (e.g., creative works, product development, policy decisions based on *findings*). Use 「に基づいて」 when an action is taken *in accordance with* or *strictly based on* existing rules, laws, facts, theories, or established data (e.g., acting based on regulations, making judgments based on evidence).
をもとに vs. から
「から」 is a very general particle indicating origin or source. 「をもとに」 is more specific, emphasizing that the source is used as a *foundation* for building or creating something, implying a more active and constructive process.
When to use: Use 「から」 for simple origins (e.g., 大阪から来た – came from Osaka; 木から作った – made from wood). Use 「をもとに」 when the source material is specifically used as the fundamental basis for a more complex process of creation, development, or decision-making, often involving interpretation or transformation.
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📝 Conjugation Notes

This grammar pattern attaches directly to a noun. There are no special conjugations for the preceding noun. The following verb or noun is conjugated normally.

🔊 Pronunciation Tips

The pronunciation of 「を」 is similar to the “o” in “go.” 「もとに」 is pronounced straightforwardly as “moh-toh-nee.” The pitch accent usually falls on “も” (high) then drops “と” (low) “に” (low).

🧠 Memory Tips

Think of 「もと (moto)」 meaning “origin” or “basis.” So, 「を もとに」 literally means “taking the origin/basis,” which helps conceptualize its meaning of “based on” or “drawing from.”

Vocabulary List
小説
shousetsu
novel
作者
sakusha
author
幼少期
youshouki
childhood
経験
keiken
experience
書く
kaku
to write
お客様
okyakusama
customer
意見
opinion
Kanji List
しょう
small
せつ
theory, explanation
さく
make, work
しゃ
person
よう
infant, young
しょう
few, little
period, time
けい
pass through, manage
けん
test, experiment
しょ
write
きゃく
guest, customer
Practice Exercises
新製品のアイデアは、顧客の(  )をもとに考えられました。
a) 感情
b) フィードバック
c) 趣味
d) 希望
この小説は、筆者の(  )をもとに書かれています。
a) 想像
b) 夢
c) 実体験
d) 友達
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