Japanese Grammar: ~ないで (naide) – Without doing / Don’t…

Japanese Grammar: ~ないで (naide) – Without doing / Don’t…
Meaning & Usage

✨ Basic Meaning

The grammar point ~ないで (naide) means ‘without doing’ or ‘don’t’ (when followed by kudasai).

🎯 Primary Function

To express that an action is performed without doing another, or to make a negative request.

📋 Grammar Structure

Verb (Nai-form) + で
Not applicable. This structure is primarily used with verbs.
Not applicable. This structure is primarily used with verbs.
Verb (Nai-form) + で (The form itself expresses a negative state or action).

🎭 Usage Contexts

🏢 Formal Situations

Used with ‘kudasai’ for requests in workplaces or shops.

😊 Informal Situations

Used alone (short form) among friends and family to give casual commands or advice.

✍️ Written Language

Used in manuals, signs (e.g., ‘Do not enter’), and narratives.

🗣️ Spoken Language

Commonly used in daily conversations for instructions or describing habits.

💡 Common Applications

Negative Request
Used with ‘kudasai’ to politely ask someone to refrain from an action.
Example: 行かないでください (Please don’t go).
Negative Circumstance
Used to describe an action performed while another action is omitted.
Example: 傘を持たないで出かける (To go out without an umbrella).
Informal Command
Used by itself in casual speech to tell someone not to do something.
Example: 見ないで! (Don’t look!)
📊
Frequency
Very High
🎚️
Difficulty
JLPT N5 (Beginner)
Example Sentences
Example #1
忘れないでください。
Furigana: わす(忘)れないでください。
Romaji: Wasurenaide kudasai.
English: Please do not forget.
Example #2
傘を持たないで出かけました。
Furigana: かさ(傘)をも(持)たないでで(出)かけました。
Romaji: Kasa o motanaide dekakemashita.
English: I went out without taking an umbrella.
Example #3
砂糖を入れないで飲みます。
Furigana: さとう(砂糖)をい(入)れないでの(飲)みます。
Romaji: Satou o irenaide nomimasu.
English: I drink it without putting sugar in.
Example #4
ここに座らないでください。
Furigana: ここにすわ(座)らないでください。
Romaji: Koko ni suwaranaide kudasai.
English: Please do not sit here.
Example #5
Terebi o kesanaide nete shimaimashita.
Furigana: テレビをけ(消)さないでね(寝)てしまいました。
Romaji:
English: I fell asleep without turning off the TV.
Example #6
泣かないでください。
Furigana: な(泣)かないでください。
Romaji: Nakanaide kudasai.
English: Please do not cry.
Example #7
朝ご飯を食べないで学校へ行きました。
Furigana: あさ(朝)ごはんをた(食)べないでがっこう(学校)へい(行)きました。
Romaji: Asagohan o tabenaide gakkou e ikimashita.
English: I went to school without eating breakfast.
Example #8
心配しないで。
Furigana: しんぱい(心配)しないで。
Romaji: Shinpai shinaide.
English: Don’t worry. (Casual)
Example #9
靴を脱がないで入ってください。
Furigana: くつ(靴)をぬ(脱)がないではい(入)ってください。
Romaji: Kutsu o nuganaide haitte kudasai.
English: Please enter without taking off your shoes.
Example #10
辞書を使わないで手紙を書きました。
Furigana: じしょ(辞書)をつか(使)わないでてがみ(手紙)をか(書)きました。
Romaji: Jisho o tsukawanaide tegami o kakimashita.
English: I wrote a letter without using a dictionary.
Notes & Nuances

📌 Important Points

Expressing Manner
It describes the state or manner in which the main action (drinking) is carried out.
Example: 砂糖を入れないで飲みます。
Unfinished State
It indicates that something that should have been done was left undone.
Example: テレビを消さないで寝ました。

⚠️ Common Mistakes

❌ お金がないで、買えませんでした。
✅ お金がなくて、買えませんでした。
Use ‘~nakute’ for reasons/causes, not ‘~naide’. ‘~Naide’ is for manners or choices of action.

🏛️ Cultural Context

Politeness Level: Adding ‘kudasai’ makes it a polite request. Without ‘kudasai’, it is a direct and somewhat forceful command or a casual suggestion depending on intonation.
Social Situations: Essential for giving instructions and setting boundaries in social interactions.
Regional Variations: In some dialects (like Kansai), ‘~naide’ might be replaced by ‘~んと (nto)’ or ‘~んで (nde)’.

🔍 Subtle Differences

~ないで vs ~なくて
‘~naide’ focuses on manner or requests, while ‘~nakute’ focuses on causes, reasons, or contrasting states.
When to use: Use ‘~naide’ for ‘don’t’ or ‘without’. Use ‘~nakute’ for ‘because not’.

📝 Conjugation Notes

To form ‘~naide’, change the verb to its Nai-form and add ‘de’. For example: Taberu -> Tabenai -> Tabenaide.

🔊 Pronunciation Tips

In informal speech, the ‘de’ is often slightly elongated or emphasized to sound softer when making a request.

🧠 Memory Tips

Think of ‘~naide’ as ‘No-ing and…’ (e.g., ‘No-eating and go to school’). It helps you remember that the action is omitted while the next one happens.

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