Japanese Grammar: Mastering “Mou” (もう)

Japanese Grammar: Mastering “Mou” (もう)
Meaning & Usage

✨ Basic Meaning

The word ‘mou’ (もう) primarily means ‘already,’ ‘yet,’ ‘more,’ or ‘again’ depending on the context.

🎯 Primary Function

To indicate a change in state (already) or a request/requirement for additional items/actions (more/again).

📋 Grammar Structure

もう + Verb (Already/More/Again)
もう + I-Adjective (Already [state])
もう + Na-Adjective (Already [state])
もう + Negative Verb (No longer/Not anymore)

🎭 Usage Contexts

🏢 Formal Situations

Used in polite speech (Desu/Masu) to report status or ask for items.

😊 Informal Situations

Extremely common in casual speech, often used as an interjection to show frustration.

✍️ Written Language

Used in emails, messages, and basic narratives to describe chronological order.

🗣️ Spoken Language

Frequent in daily life for ordering food, checking time, or complaining.

💡 Common Applications

Already (Completion)
Used with a past tense verb to indicate that an action has already been completed.
Example: もう食べました (Already ate)
Anymore (Negative)
Used with a negative verb to indicate that an action will no longer take place.
Example: もう飲みません (Won’t drink anymore)
Additional Quantity/Frequency
Used before counters or quantity words to indicate ‘more’ or ‘another.’
Example: もう一度 (One more time) / もう少し (A little more)
📊
Frequency
Very High – Essential for daily conversation and basic storytelling.
🎚️
Difficulty
JLPT N5 (Beginner)
Example Sentences
Example #1
もう昼ご飯を食べました。
Furigana: もうひるごはんをたべました。
Romaji: Mou hirugohan o tabemashita.
English: I have already eaten lunch.
Example #2
もう10時ですよ。
Furigana: もうじゅうじですよ。
Romaji: Mou juu-ji desu yo.
English: It is already 10 o’clock.
Example #3
もう一度言ってください。
Furigana: もういちどいってください。
Romaji: Mou ichido itte kudasai.
English: Please say it one more time.
Example #4
もう少し待ってください。
Furigana: もうすこしまってください。
Romaji: Mou sukoshi matte kudasai.
English: Please wait a little more.
Example #5
もう宿題を終わりましたか。
Furigana: もうしゅくだいをおわりましたか。
Romaji: Mou shukudai o owarimashita ka.
English: Have you already finished your homework?
Example #6
もうたばこを吸いません。
Furigana: もうたばこをすいません。
Romaji: Mou tabako o suimasen.
English: I don’t smoke anymore.
Example #7
もうすぐ夏休みです。
Furigana: もうすぐなつやすみです。
Romaji: Mou sugu natsuyasumi desu.
English: Summer vacation is coming soon.
Example #8
もう一人来ます。
Furigana: もうひとりきます。
Romaji: Mou hitori kimasu.
English: One more person is coming.
Example #9
もうお腹がいっぱいです。
Furigana: もうおなかがいっぱいです。
Romaji: Mou onaka ga ippai desu.
English: I’m already full.
Example #10
もうあのレストランには行きません。
Furigana: もうあのレストランにはいきません。
Romaji: Mou ano resutoran ni wa ikimasen.
English: I won’t go to that restaurant anymore.
Notes & Nuances

📌 Important Points

Mou Sugu (Soon)
When paired with ‘sugu’, it means ‘soon’ or ‘any moment now.’
Example: もうすぐ (Mou sugu)
Mou + Counter (One more)
When used with counters, it means ‘one more [unit].’
Example: もう一杯 (Mou ippai)

⚠️ Common Mistakes

❌ もう食べません (to mean ‘I haven’t eaten yet’)
✅ まだ食べていません (Mada tabete imasen)
‘Mou’ is used for completed actions. For ‘not yet,’ use ‘Mada’ with the negative te-form.

🏛️ Cultural Context

Politeness Level: Neutral. It can be used in both polite and casual settings.
Social Situations: Used as ‘Mou!’ (with a sigh) to express frustration or impatience, similar to ‘Geez!’ in English.
Regional Variations: Standard across Japan, though intonation may vary.

🔍 Subtle Differences

もう vs まだ (Mou vs Mada)
Mou indicates something has happened or changed; Mada indicates something is still the same or hasn’t happened.
When to use: Use ‘Mou’ for completion and ‘Mada’ for continuation.

📝 Conjugation Notes

‘Mou’ is an adverb and does not conjugate itself, but it dictates the tense of the verb that follows (Past for ‘already’, Negative for ‘anymore’).

🔊 Pronunciation Tips

The ‘o’ sound is long (mou), not short (mo). Ensure you hold the vowel sound.

🧠 Memory Tips

Think of ‘Mou’ as a movement forward. It’s either ‘already past the point’ (already) or ‘going one step further’ (more/again).

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